This article argues that traditional measures of the social cost of carbon (SCC) have largely overlooked the impacts of climate change on "blue capital," which includes marine ecosystems and infrastructure. The authors integrated the latest ocean science and economic data into a climate-economy model to capture the repercussions for corals, mangroves, seaports, fisheries, and mariculture. This
Richard Tol provides an updated meta-analysis of the social cost of carbon (SCC), a central statistic used to justify climate policies by measuring the benefit of reducing CO2 emissions. The study explores how various ethical assumptions and model parameters, such as the pure rate of time preference, influence the final estimates. Tol notes that the literature is dominated by a relatively small,
Nitrogen waste is identified as a significant threat to global sustainable development, prompting the United Nations to propose halving such waste to reach Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper uses an integrated assessment framework to quantitatively link nitrogen waste to all 17 UN SDGs, moving beyond previous qualitative analyses. The waste streams include ammonia emissions, nitrous
This issue brief analyzes the 2025 proposal by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to repeal the Carbon Pollution Standards (CPS) for fossil-fired power plants. The authors evaluate the economic and environmental consequences of this deregulatory move, particularly in the context of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The stated goals of the repeal are to lower costs and meet
Wildfire smoke has surged across the western United States, and this paper quantifies the per-trip welfare loss when campers confront smoky conditions. Using millions of campground reservations merged with day-by-day satellite smoke plumes and PM data, the authors estimate that smoke reduces welfare by $107 per person per trip, with larger losses when smoke persists for consecutive days.
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