As the days get cooler and autumn approaches, it's the perfect time for a fresh start. Back to school is here. OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.
As the days get cooler and autumn approaches, it’s the perfect time for a fresh start. Back to school is here. Whether your teen is heading off for another year at college or just beginning the transition, we’ve curated a selection of helpful guides to make the journey smoother. These titles are perfect companions for navigating this exciting new chapter.
Mastering the Transition to College: The Ultimate Guidebook for Parents of Teens With ADHD
Sending a teen off to college is a thrilling milestone, but for parents and caregivers of teens with ADHD, it can also bring unique challenges. Mastering the Transition to College is designed to ease those concerns by offering expert advice, practical strategies, and proven tools to help teens thrive both academically and emotionally during this transition.
College Mental Health 101: A Guide for Students, Parents, and Professionals
College Mental Health 101 offers more answers, relief, resources, and research backed information for families, students, and staff already at college or beginning the application process. With simple charts and facts, informal self-assessments, quick tips for students and those who support them, the book includes hundreds of voices addressing common concerns.
Learn more about College Mental Health 101 by Christopher Willard, Blaise Aguirre, and Chelsie Green
Supporting Your Teen’s Mental Health: Science-Based Parenting Strategies for Repairing Relationships and Helping Young People Thrive
Teen mental health issues are rising at an alarming rate, and many families are unsure of how to best help their children. Supporting Your Teen’s Mental Health is an essential resource for parents and caregivers looking to support teenagers who are struggling with mental health concerns. Written in a conversational tone by psychologist and fellow parent Andrea Temkin-Yu, the workbook is a thorough, evidence-based guide to essential parenting strategies that have been proven to help improve relationships and behavior.
If Your Adolescent Has Autism: An Essential Resource for Parents
While adolescence can be a tough time for parents and their teens, autistic teenagers may face specific challenges and need targeted support from the adults in their lives. The road ahead can be difficult for parents and caregivers, too, especially because the teenage years can involve surprising changes in their child and in society’s expectations of them.
The Parents’ Guide to Psychological First Aid: Helping Children and Adolescents Cope With Predictable Life Crises
Just as parents can expect their children to encounter physical bumps, bruises, and injuries along the road to adulthood, emotional distress is also an unavoidable part of growing up. The sources of this distress range from toddlerhood to young adulthood, from the frustration of toilet training to the uncertainty of leaving home for the first time.
Every September, caregivers and kids alike prepare for one big change: the start of a new school year. As the weeks of summer draw to a close, families are cramming in the last moments of summer fun while simultaneously gearing up for school drops offs and new classroom schedules. While it can be an incredibly exciting time, filled with first day of school outfits and new school gear, it can also be incredibly stressful. This can be particularly true for teenagers who, compared to younger kids, are facing higher academic demands and social pressure while experiencing the major physical and developmental changes that come during adolescence. On top of that, a 2023 Center of Disease Control report showed that teens of today have higher rates of mental health concerns, such as anxiety and depression, and that suicidal thoughts and behaviors are increasing. This can make the return to school daunting for teens, as well as parents who are worried about how their child will manage the transition and demands of the year.
Fortunately, there are several tools that parents and caregivers can use to prepare kids and teens for the first few weeks in September. This includes setting clear expectations, skills to encourage helpful behavior, and strategies that help kids feel supported by their parents.
Setting expectations
While many kids prefer to keep their heads in the sand when it comes to a new academic cycle, it can be incredibly helpful to set expectations for the school year a few weeks in advance. The most basic version of this includes outlining differences between summer versus school schedules, such as changes to sleep and wake times, limits to screens, or daily responsibilities. This preview can help kids’ brains prepare for the upcoming shifts in their daily lives and make the transition a little smoother. It’s also a great idea to talk to kids about how the upcoming school year might be different than the last one. This could include providing information on class size, the structure of the day, or increased expectations. The goal is not to scare your kids about everything coming their way, but rather to provide them with simple clear information in a manner that builds excitement. For example, “It’s so fun that you get to go to go off-campus for lunch this year. I bet it will make the day feel way more interesting!” Or, “I know high school is bigger than middle school. It may feel a little overwhelming, but it’s also such a great time for you to see how capable you are.”
Encouraging positive behaviors
Once expectations have been set, parents can also work to encourage brave or skillful behavior. This may include things like taking more responsibility (e.g., managing their own communication with teachers and coaches), growing outside of their comfort zone (e.g., joining a new club or social circle), or challenging themselves with new opportunities or roles (e.g., a first job or harder courseload). This most effective way to do this is through a skill called “labeled praise.”
Labeled praise is when you show appreciation for a specific behavior or characteristic your child is demonstrating. When it comes to a new school year, parents can look for opportunities to praise preparation, flexibility, and bravery. For example, “I know you really loved your teachers last year, and I appreciate how openminded you are about your new schedule.” Another parent may say, “Great call on getting to bed a little earlier this week. It’ll make the start of school so much easier!” For teens who haven’t mastered brave or skillful choices, parents can offer cheerleading and encouragement. Phrases like “I know you’re going to do a beautiful job making friends because you’ve done it before!” or “10th grade is tough, and I have total confidence that you’re going to find a way to balance everything” send a message that they really believe in their kid. This can go a long way towards encouraging positive behaviors.
Providing validation
When you do notice your child having a hard time, whether it’s nerves, low mood, or difficulty organizing themselves for a new semester, it’s always a great idea to offer validation. Validation is a skill used to show somebody that you can see their perspective or understand where they are coming from. Validation can be a tricky skill to master for caregivers because it is sometimes hard to put yourself in your child’s shoes, or you are eager to get them to see a new perspective. For example, when your child complains about their new math teacher who they have heard is a hard grader, it’s tempting to say “Nah! I’m sure it’ll be fine!” This may work for some kids. However, it can come off as dismissive and hard to believe for a teen whose anxiety or stress is high. Instead, try validation: “It makes sense that you’re nervous based on what you’ve heard!” While you aren’t agreeing with your child’s worries, you are acknowledging them, and that can help increase a sense of connection and communication. Once your child feels understood, they’ll be better able to think clearly about the situation and problem solve as needed.
As you navigate another year of permission slips, homework, and extracurricular activities, remember that you have a handful of tools in your pocket to help ease the way. With a little bit of preparation, encouragement, and support, you and child can start the school year off on a great foot.
Kicking off today, Sun Awareness Week (12-18 May) is the start of the British Association of Dermatologists’ (BAD) summer-long campaign to encourage everyone to protect their skin from sun damage and skin cancer, the most common cancer in the UK.
There are several types of skin cancer, with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers being the most common. Melanoma develops from melanocytes, cells in deeper layers of the skin that give skin its colour. Non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal and squamous cell carcinoma, develop from cells known as keratinocytes found in the outer layer of the skin. Simple steps like using sunscreen, avoiding sun in the middle of the day, wearing sun hats, and reducing the amount of direct sun exposure can lower your risk of both.
Recent research from the BAD journals—British Journal of Dermatology, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, and Skin Health and Disease—offers new insights into preventing, diagnosing, and treating melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Here are some highlights:
Why sunscreen matters
Using sunscreen every day is one of the best ways to stay safe. The sun gives off ultraviolet (UV) rays that harm your skin and raise skin cancer risk, and regular use of high-SPF sunscreen can protect you. Sunscreen comes in many forms, like creams, lotions, sprays, and sticks. Apply it 15-30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every 2 hours, or after swimming or intense physical activity.
Sunscreen prevents skin cancer and premature ageing (called photoageing), but it’s good to know the facts. A recent narrative review found possible downsides of using sunscreen, like allergic skin reactions and concerns about endocrine disruption. Some ingredients, like preservatives and fragrances, may cause allergic skin reactions, though evidence suggests these reactions are rare. Concerns about hormone effects are low, as sunscreen stays mostly on the skin’s surface.
Photoageing: a key concern
UV rays don’t just increase skin cancer risk—they also age your skin early, causing wrinkles and spots. A recent survey across 17 countries found that people often worry more about photoageing than skin cancer. So, talking about photoageing in sun awareness campaigns could motivate more people to engage in sun protective behaviours.
A digital sun protection campaign for healthcare workers
Researchers from University of Limerick Hospital Group in Ireland tried a new digital campaign to promote skin cancer awareness among hospital staff. Their study found that staff became more positive about sun protective behaviours after the campaign, showing that digital tools could work for everyone in encouraging sun protection.
Figure from Emma Porter et. al, ‘The Impact of a Novel Digital Sun Protection Campaign on Sun-Related Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Observational Study’, Skin Health and Disease, Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/ski2.256
Better sun habits, better outcomes
Campaigns like Sun Awareness Week make a real difference. A study from Austria found that people who improved their sun protection habits after being diagnosed with melanoma lived longer, showing that these behavioural changes can save lives.
Global melanoma trends
A population-level study across 162 countries found that melanoma diagnoses are rising over time, but death rates are steady or growing slowly. This may be related to improved screening and awareness programs for melanoma. However, this may be compounded by melanoma overdiagnosis, with some cases caught early that may not have been deadly. Researchers are still exploring this complex phenomenon.
Melanoma and gender
Men and women face different melanoma risks. This study from Australia found that, on average, women are often diagnosed with melanoma years earlier than men, especially on the torso and for thinner melanomas. Their findings suggest that sex-tailored approaches to melanoma control could improve prevention and care.
Sun safety policy in primary schools
As per the World Health Organization, school sun protection programmes may be the key to skin cancer prevention. This study carried out an online survey of primary schools in Wales to understand their sun safety policies and practices. Of 471 schools that responded, only 183 enforced their policy. Those who did not have a policy were ‘not aware of the need’ (34.6%); ‘need assistance with policy or procedure development’ (30.3%); or ‘not got around to it just yet’ (26.8%).
Skin cancer and blood cancers
This study in the Netherlands found that patients with blood cancers have a higher risk of developing skin cancers across their lifetime. This means that targeted awareness campaigns for sun protection are vital for this patient population.
Diabetes drugs and skin cancer
In this systematic review, the authors found that drugs for type 2 diabetes, especially metformin, may lower risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. This is good news for people with type 2 diabetes who are worried about developing skin cancer.
This Sun Awareness Week, we are urging everyone to prioritise sun protection to prevent skin cancer and premature skin ageing. Check your skin regularly and see a doctor if you notice any new or changing moles or other skin lesions.
Join the #SunAwarenessWeek conversation and share your sun safety tips! You can explore the latest research from the BAD journals here.
Ultra-processed foods are industrial formulations typically containing ingredients not commonly used in home cooking, such as hydrogenated oils, high-fructose corn syrup, flavour enhancers, and emulsifiers. Examples of these types of foods include chips, soft drinks, instant noodles, ice cream, chocolate, biscuits, ready-to-eat meals, sausages, burgers, chicken and fish nuggets, sweet or savoury packaged snacks, and energy bars.
These foods, and the ingredients they contain, are designed for convenience and long shelf life,and to enhance palatability, but often come at the cost of nutritional value.
Now, a groundbreaking study, led by Monash University, has shed light on a particularly alarming consequence – the acceleration of biological ageing.
Biological age refers to how old a person seems based on various molecular biomarkers, compared to chronological age, which is the number of years a person has lived.
A person’s biological age is a relatively new way of measuring a person’s health, and can be traced back to 2013, when geneticist Steve Horvath developed the epigenetic clock, which measures DNA methylation levels. DNA methylation is a process that modifies the function of genes.
A second generation of epigenetic clocks was developed a few years later that incorporated environmental variants such as smoking or chronological age. Among these was the PhenoAgeand GrimAge clocks.
As well as diet, biological age can be influenced by genetics, general lifestyle, and environmental factors, and it can differ significantly from chronological age.
A person with a healthy lifestyle may have a biological age younger than their chronological age, while poor lifestyle choices, such as a diet high in UPFs, can accelerate biological ageing.
The Monash University study, published in the journal Age and Ageing, was led by nutritional biochemist Dr Barbara Cardoso, a senior lecturer in the University’s Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food. It involved 16,055 participants from the United States aged 20-79, whose health and lifestyles were comparable to those in other Western countries such as Australia. The study used the PhenoAge clock to assess biological ageing.
It found a significant association between increased UPF consumption and accelerated biological ageing. For every 10% increase in UPF consumption, the gap between biological and chronological age widened by approximately 2.4 months.
Participants in the highest UPF consumption quintile (68-100% of energy intake in their diet) were biologically 0.86 years older than those in the lowest quintile (39% or less of energy intake in their diet).
Dr Cardoso said the findings underlined the importance of eating as many unprocessed and minimally-processed foods as possible.
“The significance of our findings is tremendous, as our predictions show that for every 10% increase in total energy intake from ultra-processed food consumption there is a nearly 2% increased risk of mortality and 0.5% risk of chronic disease over two years,” she said.
“Assuming a standard diet of 2000 calories [8500 kilojoules] per day, adding an extra 200 calories of ultra-processed food, which roughly equals an 80-gram serving of chicken bites or a small chocolate bar, could lead to the biological ageing process advancing by more than two months compared to chronological ageing.”
The study used data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010. Diet quality was assessed with the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 and the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-15).
The association between UPF intake and biological ageing remained significant after adjusting for diet quality and total energy intake, using the above data as a baseline.
This suggested the association could be due to other factors such as lower intake of flavonoids or phytoestrogens, which occur in natural foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables, or higher exposure to packaging chemicals and compounds formed during food processing.
“Adults with higher UPF tended to be biologically older,” the study found. “This association is partly independent of diet quality, suggesting that food processing may contribute to biological ageing acceleration. Our findings point to a compelling reason to target UPF consumption to promote healthier ageing.”
The results also support earlier research linking UPF consumption to ageing markers such as telomere length (a shorter telomere length is a sign of cell ageing), frailty, cognitive decline, and dementia.
Dr Cardoso said while the study participants were from the US, the relevance of the findings apply to Australians too – on average, ultra-processed foods represented almost 40% of total energy intake among Australian adults.
She said given the global population continued to age, demonstrating the adverse effects of UPFs reinforced the need for dietary-focused public health strategies to prolong a healthy lifespan.
“Our findings indicate that reducing ultra-processed foods in the diet may help slow the biological ageing trajectory, bringing another reason to target ultra-processed foods when considering strategies to promote healthy ageing,” she said.
Mechanisms behind UPFs and ageing
Mechanisms by which UPFs may accelerate biological ageing include:
Nutrient deficiency: UPFs are often low in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which are crucial for maintaining cellular health and preventing oxidative stress.
Chemical additives: Many UPFs contain artificial additives and preservatives that may have adverse effects on health, including promoting inflammation and disrupting metabolic processes.
Packaging chemicals: Exposure to chemicals from food packaging, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has been linked to various health issues, including accelerated ageing.
Practical steps to reduce UPF intake
To mitigate the adverse effects of UPFs, individuals can take several practical steps:
Increase whole foods: Emphasise whole, minimally processed foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds in your diet.
Read labels: Be mindful of food labels and avoid products with long lists of unfamiliar ingredients.
Cook at home: Preparing meals at home allows for greater control over ingredients and cooking methods.
Limit convenience foods: Reduce reliance on ready-to-eat meals and snacks, opting instead for healthier alternatives.
This work was carried out in collaboration with senior author Euridice Martinez Steele, from the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil), Daniel Belsky, from Columbia University (US), Dayoon Kwon, from the University of California at Los Angeles, Priscila Machado, from Deakin University, and Junxiu Liu, from Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US).
Many criminal investigations, including “cold cases,” do not have a suspect but do have DNA evidence. In these cases, a genetic profile can be obtained from the forensic specimens at the crime scene and electronically compared to profiles listed in criminal DNA databases. If the genetic profile of a forensic specimen matches the profile of someone in the database, depending on other kinds of evidence, that individual may become the prime suspect in what was heretofore a suspect-less crime.
Searching DNA databases to identify potential suspects has become a critical part of criminal investigations ever since the FBI reported its first “cold hit” in July 1999, linking six sexual assault cases in Washington, D.C., with three sexual assault cases in Jacksonville, Florida. The match of the genetic profiles from the evidence samples with an individual in the national criminal database ultimately led to the identification and conviction of Leon Dundas.
How the statistical significance of a match obtained with a database search is presented to the jury should, in my view, be straightforward but, given the adversarial nature of our criminal justice system, remains contentious. One view is that if the profiles of the evidence and a suspect who had been identified by the database search match, then the estimated population frequency of that particular genetic profile (equivalent to the Random Match Probability in a non-database search case) is still the relevant statistic to be presented to the jury. The Random Match Probability (RMP) is an estimate of the probability that a randomly chosen individual in a given population would also match the evidence profile. The RMP is estimated as the population frequency of the specific genetic profile, which is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of a match at each individual genetic marker (the “Product Rule”).
An alternative view, often invoked by the defense, is that the size of the database should be multiplied by the RMP. For example, if the RMP is 1/100 million and the database that was searched is 1 million, this perspective argues that the number 1/100 is the one that should be presented to the jury. This calculation, however, represents the probability of getting a “hit” (match) with the database and not the probability of a coincidental match between the evidence and suspect (1/100 million), the more relevant metric for interpreting the probative significance of a DNA match. Although these arguments may seem arcane, the estimates that result from these different statistical metrics could be the difference between conviction and acquittal.
There are many different kinds of DNA databases. Ethnically defined population databases are used to calculate genotype frequencies and, thus, to estimate RMPs but are not useful for searching. The first DNA searches were of databases of convicted felons. In some jurisdictions, databases of arrestees have also been established and searched. These searches have recently been expanded to include “partial matches,” potentially implicating relatives of the individuals in the database. This strategy, known as “familial searching,” has been very effective but contentious, with discussions typically focused on the “trade-offs” between civil liberties and law enforcement. In some jurisdictions, the “trade-off” has been between two different controversial criminal database programs. In Maryland, for example, an arrestee database (albeit one specifying arraignment) was allowed but familial searching was outlawed. Familial searching has been critiqued as turning relatives of people in the database into “suspects.” A more accurate description is that these partial matches revealed by familial searching identify “persons of interest” and that they provide potential leads for investigation.
Recently, searching for partial matches in the investigation of suspect-less crimes has expanded from criminal databases to genealogy databases, as applied in the Golden State Killer case in 2018. These databases consist of genetic profiles from people seeking information about their ancestry or trying to find relatives. Genetic genealogy involves constructing a large family tree going back several generations based on the individuals identified in the database search and on genealogical records. Identifying several different individuals in the database whose profile shares a region of DNA with the evidence profile allows a family tree to be constructed. The shorter the shared region between two individuals or between the evidence and someone in the database, the more distant the relationship. This is because genetic recombination, the shuffling of DNA regions that occurs in each generation, reduces the length of shared DNA segments over time. So, in the construction of a family tree, the length of the shared region indicates how far back in time you have to go to locate the common ancestor. Tracing the descendants in this family tree who were in the area when the crime was committed identifies a set of potential suspects.
The DNA technologies used in investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) are different from those typically used in analyzing the evidence samples or the criminal database samples, which are based on around 25 short tandem repeat markers (STRs). The genotyping technology used to generate profiles in genealogy databases is based on analyzing thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With the recent implementation of Next Generation Sequencing technology to sequence the whole genome, even more informative searching for shared DNA regions can be accomplished. (Next Generation Sequencing of the whole genome is so powerful that it can now distinguish identical (monozygotic) twins!)
Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) has completely upended the trade-offs and guidelines proposed for familial searching as well as many of the arguments. Many of the rationales justifying familial searching of criminal databases, such as the recidivism rate, and the presumed relinquishing by convicts of certain rights do not apply to genealogical databases. Also, the concerns about racial disparities in criminal databases don’t apply to these non-criminal databases either. In general, it’s very hard to draw lines in the sand when the sands are shifting so rapidly and the technology is evolving so quickly. And it is particularly difficult when dramatic successes in identifying the perpetrators of truly heinous unsolved crimes are lauded in the media, making celebrities of the forensic scientists who carried out the complex genealogical analyses that finally led to the arrest of the Golden State Killer and, shortly thereafter, to many others.
It’s still possible and desirable to set some guidelines for IGG, a complex and expensive procedure. It should be restricted to serious crimes. The profiles in the database should be restricted to those individuals who have consented to have their personal genomic data searched for law enforcement purposes. With the appropriate guidelines, the promise of DNA database searching to solve suspect-less crimes can truly transform our criminal justice system.
